laptop keyboard, laptop battery, laptop ac adapter

July 29, 2008 - How to replace a laptop screen on PowerBook 180？

Before I start working on any laptop or notebook computer I remove the battery. Don't assume the LCD is bad just because you can't see anything on the screen. The battery on our Apple PowerBook 180 releases with a slide button on the side, just like and old Toshiba notebook, then pulls right out. Before continuing on to replace the LCD screen, it pays to do a little troubleshooting. If the screen is cracked, has annoying dead pixels or a complete row or column is out (IC driver failure), it's time to replace the LCD. On the other hand, if the laptop screen is totally dead, it's more likely the video integrated on the motherboard, so at least test the laptop with an external monitor before proceeding.
Most laptop screens come apart the same way, starting with a couple of screws hidden by rubber cups near the hinges. The rubber cups serve a double purpose, hiding the screw and providing a bumper stop when the notebook screen is closed. This PowerBook 180 is assembled with torx screws, but you don't really need the special tools to dissemble it. I use a small jewelers screwdriver on baby torx, the standard, not the Philips which can actually damage the screw head.
The actual LCD screen is installed within a wide plastic bezel, which can be lifted right off after removing the two screws. The bezel is hinged at the top on plastic tabs. The screen is wrapped around the sides and back with a metalized foil to reduce RF interference. You can see the opposing springs on the bottom hinge that keep the laptop screen in place when you adjust the tilt.
Laptop screens are manufactured by third part LCD manufacturers, who may also supply all of the control electronics for the screen. This Sharp LCD is held in place by four screws at the corners. The power comes in at the right (white wires) through the right hinge, and the video signals come in on the flat ribbon cable through the left hinge.
There are at least three different connector technologies used with ribbon cables in this PowerBook 180. The video connectors are simple push-ins without latching, but there is a lip on the connector that gives you and easy way to remove it without pulling on the cable. The ribbon cable connector on the back of the LCD screen is easily removed by twisting a flathead screwdriver between the connector and the lip on the ribbon cable.
You want to know how to install a laptop screen? Exactly the same way as you remove it, very few tricks. The LCD power connector is the last connection to make, after the video cables on the back are in place and the LCD is secured with four screws. All that's left is to replace the plastic bezel, which turns the laptop screen into a monitor:-) The final step below, before the bezel snaps into place, is making sure the wires and in this case, the ferrite slug, won't get pinched. The finishing touch is restoring the little rubber bumpers over the screws, a little shock absorption for when the laptop screen is folded down over the body for carrying.

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July 26, 2008 - Battery Usage Tips

1. New battery pack must be fully charged before use.
2. New battery pack needs to be fully charged and discharged (cycled) a few times before it can condition to full capacity.
3. Rechargeable batteries undergo self-discharging when left unused. Always store a battery pack in a fully charged stage for storage.
4. Fully drain and fully recharge your battery pack every few month.
5. Turn down the LCD brightness of your portable device.
6. Use built-in power management on your portable device.
7. Turn off LCD or other unnecessary accessories when not in use.
8. Set screen saver blank to 1 to 2 minutes of your notebook
9. Add more RAM if you have extra RAM expansion slot, it will reduce the usage of hard drive and it is power exhaustive.
10. Close unused software in your notebook.
11. Remove unused PC Cards or USB devices from your notebook.
12. Don't watch DVD or play graphics intensive video games.
13. Don't short circuit terminal or store your battery pack with metal parts.
14. Don't drop or mutilate the battery pack.
15. Don't expose to moisture or water.
16. It is normal to get warm when charging or normal use. If it is getting too hot, there may be a problem with the device and qualified personnel should check it.

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July 24, 2008 - How to pick the right laptop AC adapters

All new laptops come with AC adapters. Adapters are used for charging laptop batteries and also used to supply power directly. There are occasions which we require to buy an AC adapter. Most laptop users travel, for tdose travel to Europe or US they require AC adapters that take 100-240 voltage input and output 16 voltage or 19 voltage.
Let us present 3 easy steps to pick the right laptop AC adapters.
1. Finding the right "tips" - Different laptops have different connectors. You need the right tip for your laptop. This is very simply to find. Basically, laptop AC adapters comprise of 2 ends. One end is male power outlet. You use this end to plug into wall power outlet. The other end is called "TIP" which you will plug this tip into the "DC IN" in your laptop.
Your laptop won't work on the wrong tip. You can only use the " matching Tips"
Warning : DO NOT try to force it in.
2. Finding the right "output voltage" - Different laptops were designed to consume power varied by equipments such as CD-Rom, LCD size, CPU maker and CPU speed. You require to use the "matching voltage" . Only use the laptop AC adapters output the matching voltage of your laptops. You can easily locate your laptop voltage. Mostly, voltage is printed on your laptops. You also can check your laptop manual.
3. Find the right "input voltage" - for tdose users who will travel abroad especially to Europe and Asia. You would need laptop AC adapters that compatible with 220-240 voltage also. So it would be wise...and yes...you are!!.... Always look for AC adapters accept 100~240 voltages. 100~240 voltages AC adapters will go with you worldwide. You do not need to carry 2 adapters anymore!!!.
that's easy!!! You now know the basic knowledge to find your laptop AC adapters.
Better yet!!! AC adapter manufacturers are now promoting "universal AC adapters" .
this emerging adapters can be used with multiple devices. They can accept 100~240 input voltages and also adjust the output voltage to match device automatically.

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July 18, 2008 - Parking a PC Card on Your Laptop

You have your laptop, and you have a PC Card that you want to use in your laptop. So how do the two connect?

Locate on your laptop the spot where you can insert PC Cards. This spot may be an open hole on the side of the laptop, you may have a tiny "garage door" covering the hole, or you may find the hole hidden behind a removable panel.

Some laptops sport a garage for two PC Cards, stacked one atop the other. Other laptops have room for only one PC Card.

You insert PC Cards into the slot, "holy" end first. In fact, they fit in only one way. Push the card in all the way until it fully docks with the connectors deep down inside the laptop.

To remove the card, locate the eject button along side the slot, right next to the door. Press the eject button all the way in, and the card pops out a little bit. You can then pinch the card between your thumb and forefinger, pulling it out the rest of the way.

Each PC Card slot comes with its own eject button. These eject buttons appear alongside the spots where the Cards slide in.

Be sure to read the instructions for your PC Card before inserting it into the slot for the first time. Some cards may require that you turn off the laptop before inserting the card.

Note that some of the eject buttons pop out a ways from the laptop's case. Remember to push them back into the case when you're done with the PC Card. That way, the knob doesn't snag on anything and possibly break off.

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July 14, 2008 - Considering Laptop Expansion Options

Laptops use a special expansion card system no longer called PCMCIA (or Personal Computer Memory Card International Association). You may still hear PCMCIA bandied about. But because no one can remember PCMCIA, let alone what it stands for, PCMCIA was changed back in the 1990s, renamed to PC Card.

The PCMCIA, er, PC Card system uses special expansion slots and cards for adding options to your laptop. These cards are about the size of a credit card, though thicker (and without revolving debt). They slide into a special slot on the laptop's side, which you can use to add special options to your laptop. The options include a memory card reader, networking abilities, more storage, and so on.

Laptops may also use an exchangeable disk system. For example, you may be able to remove the CD-ROM or DVD drive and replace it with a second hard drive or a floppy drive. This type of drive-swapping is usually specific to certain laptop models; you generally can't swap drives between two laptops from different manufacturers, unless you're just incredibly lucky.

Rather than getting the swappable drive option, you simply need to know exactly what you need in a laptop in the first place. You can buy a laptop with non-swappable disk drives for less cash.
Why you may need expansion slots

Expansion slots let you add new options or features to those that come with a standard computer. They simply increase the flexibility of your computer system.

Some low-end laptops are designed for people who need only the basics and, therefore, probably don't need expansion slots. If you need expansion slots, however, steer clear of those systems.

For example, if you want to add a network card, a satellite modem, a FireWire adapter, a port, an improved sound card, or any of a number of options, your computer needs expansion slots.

Expansion cards usually ensure that you can upgrade and improve your laptop in the years to come.
Types of expansion slots

As with everything else, a computer can't have just one typical expansion slot. For historical and evolutionary reasons, most computers have several different types of expansion slots. Sure, some slots are better than others. Still, you may want a mixture of several types to keep your options open. Here are the popular types of expansion slots:

* PCI: The PCI expansion slot connects directly to the computer's microprocessor, which makes it very fast. PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect, just in case that question comes up on Jeopardy!

* AGP: This special slot is designed specifically for video adapters - the Accelerated Graphics Port, or AGP, slot. Although you can find PCI video adapters, if your laptop has an AGP port, you're better off buying and using an AGP video adapter.

* ISA: The original slot found on the first IBM PC is still around, mostly because you still come across an ISA expansion card from time to time. In fact, ISA isn't really an acronym for anything; it stands for Industry Standard Architecture, which is just a TLA (three-letter acronym) for "what everyone uses."

Which type of expansion slots should you have? Well, supposing that you want a laptop with plenty of expansion slots, you may want to go for three to five (or more) PCI slots. You may also want one or two ISA slots for backward compatibility. And you may find having an AGP slot nice if you want to use the latest, greatest video adapters.

Computer scientist types refer to the expansion slots as the bus, so they use the term PCI bus rather than PCI slot. Same difference.

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July 12, 2008 - Welcoming Windows on Your PC Laptop

When your laptop starts, you see some initial messages, maybe a logo or graphic, then the computer's operating system - its main program - comes to life. For PC laptops, this program is Windows.

The version of Windows that laptops use is identical to the one that desktop computers use. Laptops get some extra options, specifically for power management and battery monitoring, plus you may get some other utilities and fun junk that the laptop manufacturer installed. Otherwise, it's the same Windows that you know and despise.
Windows for the first time

When you first turn a brand-new laptop on, Windows goes through some gyrations and prompts designed to help you set up your computer. Windows asks you certain questions, such as which time zone you live in and your name and company name. These questions are designed to finish the installation of Windows, which began back at the factory before your laptop shipped out to you.

Heed the instructions on the screen! It's painless and over with quickly.

When the computer asks you to create user accounts, create just one for yourself. Don't bother creating one for each member of the whole fam-damily as well as your pets just yet. You can do that later if you really need to.

Keep these Windows tips in mind as you start it up on your computer:

* Windows uses the name that you enter as the administrator in various places.

Don't forget the administrator's password!

* You don't have to use your own name for your account in Windows XP. It really doesn't make any difference.

* You have the option to enter an Organization name, though you don't need to.

Special deal software

After setting up Windows for the first time, you may encounter some dealer- or manufacturer-specific program or registration routine. If you don't want to deal with this additional routine, just cancel out of the program.

You can always save registration for later. Generally, you find the registration program's icon either on the desktop or in the Start menu.

No, you don't have to sign up for AOL or EarthLink or MSN or NetZero or whatever other advertisements you find included with the laptop. Feel free to skip over those programs or just delete the icons if you don't care to find out what they're offering.
Windows every time

After the initial setup, and every time you start your laptop after that, the graphical fun and folly of the Windows operating system greets you. It may start right up, or you may have to log in first.

If you set up your account with a password, then the computer prompts you to enter the password before you enter Windows.

On laptops with multiple accounts, you have to choose your account name and then enter the password before you can behold the glory that is Windows.

Whatever, eventually the Windows desktop appears on your laptop's screen.

Here's a roundup of the important Windows features you can expect to see:

* The desktop: This is your home plate, the starting point for all your adventures in Windows.

* Wallpaper or background: You see this image on the desktop. You can change it through the Display icon in the Control Panel.

* Icons: These tiny pictures represent files, folders, or programs inside Windows.

* The mighty Start button: This button pops up a menu that contains options for controlling the computer or starting programs.

* The taskbar: This doohickey displays a host of buttons that you can use to switch between windows and programs that you have open on the desktop.

* The System Tray or Notification Area: This annoying little area contains teensy icons that can help you do things on the computer. It also alerts you to certain happenings and shows the time and day.

Take a moment to find each of these items on your laptop screen. Don't touch the display to point them out (unless you like gross finger marks on your screen)! Just find them and point. (Maybe even say, "Oh, there it is!")

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July 11, 2008 - Setting Up Your Laptop

Features vary from laptop to laptop: Not every laptop has the same keyboard layout; the CD-ROM or DVD drive may eject forward, to the left, to the right, or may not even exist; connectors and holes may be on the sides, back, or both; and the power button? Well, it could be anywhere!

Beyond the differences, if you squint your eyes tight enough, all laptop computers look basically the same. Each laptop has a similar setup, so this article addresses issues that all laptop owners have to deal with.

If you find any specific instructions regarding setup inside the laptop box or - should you be so lucky - if you find a manual, heed its instructions first.
Do you need to charge the battery?

When setting up your laptop, the holiest piece of hardware is the battery. Om! It either came preinstalled (and perhaps even non-removable) inside the laptop, or it came separately and you have to install it.

Install or set up the battery. Fortunately, this is one of those things where you can find the instructions included with the laptop. The instructions may tell you how to install the battery, which doodad to remove to make the battery work, or other important battery preparations.

Keep these battery-related points in mind when dealing with your laptop:

* You can use your laptop without the battery, but you probably want to properly set up the battery just to make sure that it works.

* Some batteries come DOA - you have to charge them before you can use them. You normally charge a battery by installing it inside the laptop, then plugging the laptop's power brick both into the wall and into the laptop. Battery charging takes place automatically.

* Charging a laptop's battery usually takes a few hours. The exact time that you need depends on the type of battery, power management hardware, and whether or not you're using the laptop at the time.

* If the battery comes already charged, then simply install it, and you're ready to go! Literally!

* The manufacturer may claim that the battery is fully charged, but don't be surprised if it isn't. No big deal; just install the battery and plug in the laptop. It will charge.

* You can let your laptop's batteries charge overnight.

* Be sure to put any extra or spare batteries in storage when you're not using them.

Is some assembly required?

Beyond that battery, you may have to add some features to your laptop. Pray that such a thing doesn't happen to you! But some laptops have arrived without memory, disk drives, and other options installed. If your laptop isn't ready to go when you get it, you have to properly install the missing items. Best of luck!

Most laptops come fully assembled. In fact, many laptops don't let you install extra features.

Fortunately, if you do have to install some options, you install options such as memory or a network adapter only once. Follow the directions closely. Read them over first before attempting the installation. In most cases, you can get the options installed smoothly. It also helps that you can insert most components in only one direction, so you can't goof things up too badly.

Beware of Electrostatic Discharge (ESD). That tiny little spark that you generate on a dry day can permanently damage your laptop. When installing options, always keep one hand touching the laptop's case. This precaution helps lessen the potential of the dreaded ESD.

If your laptop came with a docking station or port replicator, don't worry about setting up this add-on or using it just yet. The laptop works fine without that optional feature, so you may want to use the laptop for a while before you mount the docking station or port replicator.

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July 10, 2008 - Thinking Ahead to Prevent Laptop Theft

Any law enforcement official can tell you that a few extra steps of caution can avoid a disastrous theft. Thieves enjoy convenience just as any shopper does; if your laptop is more difficult to pinch than the next guy's, it's the next guy who loses.
Mark your laptop

Marking your laptop helps with the recovery of a stolen (or lost) laptop. Either engrave your information onto your laptop or use a tamper-resistant asset tag. After all, the best proof that something is yours is your name right there on the stolen item.

You can use an engraving tool to literally carve your name and contact information on your laptop.

Some clever folks merely write their names inside the laptop, either on the back of some removable door, inside the battery compartment, or other places a thief probably wouldn't think to check. Use a Sharpie or other indelible marker.

You can get asset tags from most print shops. The tags peel and stick like any sticker, but you can't easily remove or damage them.
Don't use an obvious laptop carrying case

That carrying case with the emblazoned Dell logo (or IBM logo, or what have you) isn't just a proud buyer appreciation/marketing gimmick. The custom laptop case tells the casual thief that something valuable lurks inside.

In contrast to a loud-and-proud custom laptop case, a non-descript, soft laptop case doesn't draw undo attention to your computer. Backpacks also make good places to store laptops.
Register the laptop and its software

Be sure to send in your laptop's registration card, as well as the registration for any software that you use. If someone steals the laptop, alert the manufacturer and software vendors. Hopefully, they care enough so that if someone using your stolen laptop ever tries to get the system fixed or upgraded, your registration information helps you locate the purloined laptop.

This trick assumes that the person fencing the laptop doesn't fully erase the hard drive.

Be sure to keep a copy of the laptop's serial number and other vital statistics with you, specifically in a place other than the laptop's carrying case. That way, you know which number to report to the police, as well as the manufacturer.
Be mindful of your environment

When you're out and about with your laptop, stay aware of where your computer is and who may have access to it. Watch your laptop!

For example, when dining out, put the laptop in its case beneath the table. If you need to leave the table, either take the laptop with you or ask your friends to keep an eye on it for you.

Be especially mindful of distractions! A commotion in front of you means that the thief about to take your laptop is behind you. A commotion behind you means the thief is in front of you. Thieves work in pairs or groups that way, using the commotion to distract you while they steal your stuff.
The old ball and chain

Your laptop probably comes with a hole or slot into which you can connect a security cable. That hole has an official name - the Universal Security Slot (or USS).

The USS is designed to be part of the laptop's case. A thief can't remove from the laptop any cable or security device that you thread through the USS; he or she can only cut (or unlock) the cable itself to free the laptop.

Obviously, the USS works best when you have the laptop in a stationery place. Like a bicycle lock, you have to park the laptop by something big and stable, then thread the cable through that big thing and the USS for the lock to work.

The best place to find a security cable for your laptop is in a computer or office supply store.

Some cables come with alarms. You can find alarms that sound when someone cuts the cable, plus alarms that sound when anyone moves the laptop.

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MX6436(DC19V 3.42A)

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July 9, 2008 - Selecting a Laptop Case

You need a proper laptop case, not because carrying a laptop computer by itself makes you look like a nerd, but because the laptop is only one part of a larger collection of stuff that you need to take on the road with you. Further, the laptop needs a comfy storage place to protect it from damage and disguise it from thieves. Getting the proper laptop case is just a darn good idea.
Avoid the manufacturer's case

Many laptop manufacturers provide a case for their laptop systems as a bonus or extra. Generally speaking, such a case is probably the worst choice you can make.

Manufacturers generally give you a case in either of two extremes. They may provide you with something that they call a "case" but is really little more than a zippered pouch. That's just cheap and shameful. If they don't give you too little, manufacturers give you too much case. They go overboard on size and give you something hulking and huge.

The bottom line with manufacturer's laptop cases is that they just don't give you any choice. Unless you research laptop cases and the manufacturer happens to offer one of the brand-name cases that agrees with you, just set aside any notion of getting a name-brand computer manufacturer's case.
Features to look for in a case

So, what features do you want to look for when buying a laptop case? Here's a list:

* Does your laptop fit into the case? The case doesn't need a compartment designed to fit your specific laptop. Instead, you want to make sure that your laptop does fit comfortably inside the case and that the case can close easily with the laptop inside.

Actually, you don't want a case with a compartment designed to fit your specific laptop. You may not be using the same laptop years from now, but it's nice to keep using the same case.

* Get a soft case. Not something hard like the traditional briefcase. The soft cases tend to hold the laptop more securely, whereas a laptop can get jostled around inside a hard case.

* Does the case have plenty of pouches? You need pouches for storing accessories, office supplies, discs, manuals, Altoids, year-old receipts, and other things that you plan on carrying around with you.

* Consider a case that opens to display two large and separate areas. You can slide your laptop into one and put paper, notepads, or computer accessories into the other area.

* Look for extras. Extra pouches, clips, and such work well for holding various office supplies. You can also use them for smuggling.

* Zippers! Zippers work better than snaps, buckles, or latches.

* Look into an easy-access pouch. Having this pouch on the case's outside helps with storing important documents and other information that you may need to grab quickly.

* A carrying handle is a must. Also consider a shoulder strap.

If you know that you have to carry a lot of stuff, say extra material for your job or perhaps something heavy like a printer or video projector, consider getting a laptop case with wheels and a retractable handle.

* A backpack can also make a great laptop carrying case. And shouldering the backpack keeps both your arms and hands free. That way, you can hold your boarding pass in one hand and slap-up the airport counter help with the other.

The idea behind your laptop bag is to safely carry and protect the laptop while you're traveling, plus it needs to carry all your laptop toys and other related goodies. Go nuts on the extra features if you must. But, honestly, if you can find a solidly made case, bag, or backpack that does what you need, you're set.

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PCMCIA CDROM(PCMCIA CDROM drive)
PA-12(Dell 19.5V 3.34A AC Adapter)

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July 8, 2008 - Accessorizing Your Laptop

One thing that's kept the computer industry alive for years and years is that the computer purchase never stops with the computer itself. First comes software. Then follows more hardware and even more hardware. Peripherals! Gizmos! Gadgets! And then you can get fun accessories like mouse pads and tchotchkes to sit atop the monitor. The computer is endlessly expandable.

Check out these fun or must-have items to expand your laptop universe:

* Laptop bag or travel case: Buy yourself and your laptop a handsome laptop bag.

* Spare battery: Nothing cries "freedom!" to the laptop road warrior more than an extra battery. Having a bonus battery doubles the time that you can compute without being tethered to an AC wall socket. Some laptops even let you hot swap from one battery to another while the laptop is still running, meaning that the total time you can use your battery greatly exceeds your capacity to do work.

Make sure that the spare battery is approved for your laptop, either coming directly from the manufacturer or from a reliable source that guarantees compatibility. Using the wrong battery in your laptop can meet with disastrous results.

* Docking station or port replicator: A docking station or port replicator helps immensely when it comes time for your laptop to serve desktop duty. A port replicator also gives your laptop more ports and more expandability options than the laptop may come with on its own.

* Cooling pad: The ideal accessory for any modern laptop is the laptop cooling pad. This is a device upon which your laptop sits. The device contains one or more fans and is either powered by the laptop's USB port or standard AA batteries. Your laptop sits upon the device, and the fans help draw away the heat that the battery and microprocessor generate. You get a cooler-running laptop, which keeps the laptop happy.

* Mini-vac: You may find the mini-vac handy for cleaning your laptop, especially the keyboard. You can find these wee vacuums in most office supply stores. You may be surprised (and disgusted) by the gunk that the mini-vac can suck from your laptop.

* USB lamp: Your laptop's LCD screen is illuminated, and you can even see it in the dark. Sadly, however, most laptop keyboards don't light up. To help you see the keyboard, as well as other important things around your laptop, in the dark, you can light things up with a USB-powered lamp.

The lamp plugs into a standard USB port on your laptop. It either has a stiff, bendable cord or a clamp so that you can position it. Flip the switch and let there be light!
•col2markFull-sized keyboard: Although you may not want to tote one around with you, you may find a certain pleasure when using a laptop with a comfy, full-sized keyboard. Especially if you rely on the numeric keypad, either for numbers or cursor control, it's a joy to use a full-sized keyboard with a laptop.

You don't need to do anything special to connect a full-sized keyboard to your laptop, but do note that most laptops don't sport a PC keyboard port. Instead, use the USB port, or if you have a port replicator or docking station, you can connect the full-sized keyboard to it, instead.
In addition to (or perhaps, instead of) a standard full-sized keyboard, you can select any of a number of fun and different keyboards for your laptop. You can find keyboards with special Internet buttons, ergonomically designed to make typing easier on the human bod, as well as wireless keyboards. Because your laptop didn't come with a full-sized keyboard, it's your buyer's paradise as far as choosing one for your laptop. Or if all you need is that numeric keypad, you can find special USB numeric keypads for your laptop.

* External mouse: As with a keyboard, you aren't limited in your choice of an external mouse for your laptop. You can get a basic mouse, one of those space-age optical glowing mice, a mouse with a lot of buttons, that weird mouse that you can hover in the air and use like a TV remote, wireless mice, trackball mice, those tiny laptop mice, and the list goes on and on.

* ID card or return service sticker: If your laptop wore underwear, you'd most likely want to write the laptop's name on the underwear. But since laptops don't require underwear, the next best thing is to create an ID card for your laptop.

You stick your name somewhere on your laptop not only to claim ownership of it, but also to pray that if you ever lose it (or someone steals it), some good citizen can recognize the laptop as your own and contact you.
A better solution is to use a return service and take advantage of its tamper-resistant asset tags.

* Theft prevention system: The perfect gift for the laptop that you love - either some type of cable to keep your laptop from walking off or one of those annoyingly loud my-laptop-has-been-moved alarms. Ease your fears, secure your laptop!

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July 7, 2008 - Laptop Computers May Affect Male Fertility

Dec. 8, 2004 -- Male fertility may be affected by perching laptop computers on the lap, according to a new study.
Balancing laptop computers on the lap raises the scrotum's temperature, say researchers including Yefim Sheynkin, MD, FACS, of the urology department at the State University of New York at Stony Brook.
About 15%-20% of couples that want to get pregnant aren't able to conceive. Many of those cases trace back to issues relating to the male. Gradually declining sperm production has been noted in recent decades, say the researchers.
Elevated scrotal temperatures have been linked to male infertility. Many factors can raise scrotal temperature, including hot baths, saunas, and tight jockey shorts.
Laptop computers may also belong on that list, say Sheynkin's team. They studied 29 healthy young men ages 21 to 35 for two, one-hour sessions in a climate-controlled room.
Participants were all similarly dressed in casual clothes. After having their body temperature taken and standing in the room for 15 minutes to adjust to the room's temperature, they sat down and were given working or nonworking laptop computers.
The researchers used two brands of Pentium 4 laptop computers. The brands aren't identified in the study, which appears in the European journal Human Reproduction.
The men balanced the computers on their laps. The researchers then removed the nonworking computers, instructing the men to hold the position for the rest of the session. Participants with working laptop computers kept the computers in place throughout the session.
The men's scrotal temperature was recorded every three minutes. The temperature on the bottom of the working computers was also monitored.
Scrotal temperature rose with the working and nonworking computers. However, the working laptops prompted a greater increase in scrotal temperature -- around a 5 degrees Fahrenheit increase (or about 2.7 degrees Celsius).
Participants without working laptops had a scrotal temperature increase of about 3 to 4 degrees Fahrenheit (2.1 degrees Celsius).
Technology doesn't deserve all the blame. The position required to balance a laptop computer in the lap -- with thighs close together to balance the computers -- also increases scrotal temperature. Still, the heat generated by the laptops adds to the problem.
In the study, the bottom of the laptop computers rose from about 88 degrees Fahrenheit (31 degrees Celsius) to almost 104 degrees Fahrenheit (40 degrees Celsius) after an hour. Both brands had similar temperature increases.
"Working on laptop computers in a laptop position causes significant scrotal temperature elevation as a result of heat exposure and posture-related effects," say the researchers.
Is the increase enough to impair male fertility? The researchers can't say for sure. However, they note that another study showed that sperm concentration dropped by 40% when median daytime scrotal temperature rose by 1 to 2 degrees Fahrenheit (or 1 degree Celsius).
More than 60 million laptop computers are expected to be in use by 2005, with another 90 million worldwide, the researchers say. Calling for more studies, they suggest that teenage boys and young men may want to limit their use of laptop computers on their laps.

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July 4, 2008 - Why would not my PowerBook or iBook battery charge?

If the battery in your PowerBook or iBook is not charging, try the following solutions:

Reset your computer's power manager.
Make sure your AC adapter is properly inserted into your PowerBook or iBook. You have to press the plug all the way into the power adapter port for it to charge.

Connect your computer to its AC adapter, shut it down, then let it charge overnight. If it does not charge, it's likely you have a hardware fault in your computer, battery, or adapter, and you should have it repaired. For information on where you can have your computer repaired at Indiana University Bloomington, see Where can I get my computer hardware repaired?

Test your AC outlet. See if your battery will charge if you plug it into a different outlet or see if another electrical device will work in your original outlet.

Test your AC adapter. Try connecting a different AC adapter to your computer and see if it recharges.

Test your battery. Try using a different battery with your computer and see if it will recharge.

In some of the early PowerBooks, the battery will not charge unless the computer is turned on. If you have an old PowerBook and your battery isn't charging while it's turned off, power it on, put it to sleep, then see if it recharges.
If you go through all of these steps and your battery still won't charge, or you haven't narrowed down the source of the problem, you will probably need to have your computer repaired.

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June 28, 2008 - When Buying a Laptop Battery, What Should I Consider?

Having a good laptop battery is one of the most important parts of owning a laptop, especially if you intend to take advantage of the laptop's portability; without a good battery, your laptop will need to be plugged into the wall much more frequently, limiting your ability to take it with you. Modern laptop batteries tend to last three to five hours, depending on the power needs of the computer and the programs the user runs. Few things are as frustrating as when your laptop battery suddenly won't charge fully or stops holding its charge for as long; when this happens, you'll probably want to buy a replacement battery.

There are many laptop battery manufacturers, and even more retailers to buy your laptop battery from. However, your biggest concern in purchasing a laptop battery will be to choose the battery that fits your computer. For this you will need to know the make and model number of your laptop; if you don't know this offhand or don't have the necessary paperwork, check the inside of your laptop's battery compartment while the computer is off and unplugged. There you should find the model number, along with some other information. You may also find the part number of your laptop battery, located on the casing of the battery itself.

When buying a laptop battery, you will probably only have one or two choices that fit your computer. Choose the battery with the longest life available for your computer. There are several different kinds of laptop batteries; because the technologies of each are very different, a laptop must be designed specifically for the type of battery it uses. Most laptops are only designed to use one type of battery technology.

The nickel cadmium battery, known as NiCad (pronounced "Nigh-Kad"), used to be the most common type of laptop battery. Nickel cadmium batteries couldn't hold very much power by today's standards, and could only be charged a limited number of times. NiCad batteries could easily be ruined by being left on the charger after they had reached full charge, or by being recharged before they were completely dead. The latter problem, called the "memory effect," meant that if you recharged your laptop battery before it had run completely down, it would remember the point at which you put it back on the charger, and only discharge that far the next time you used it.

The nickel metal hydride (NiMH) laptop battery was the next step up from NiCad. NiMH batteries could hold considerably more power than NiCad, but they still had something of a memory effect -- although it wasn't as pronounced. Lithium ion (Li-Ion) is the latest technology for laptop batteries; although Li-Ion batteries hold about the same amount of power as NiMH, they are considerably lighter and far superior. The Li-Ion laptop battery doesn't have a memory effect and lasts considerably longer than its predecessors. If your laptop supports multiple types of batteries, and the Li-Ion is one of them, then you should choose the Li-Ion as the best type of battery available for your laptop.

Regardless of which type you have, it's important to properly care for your laptop battery, in order to get as much life out of it as possible. "Conditioning," which means fully discharging and then fully charging the battery, should be done at least every few weeks, as it maintains the full capacity of the laptop battery. Some authorities claim that this is not necessary with Li-Ion batteries, while others maintain that it's a good idea to condition all laptop batteries regularly, rather than simply leaving them plugged into the wall at all times. Your laptop battery should never be stored in an area that drops below 50ÂºF (10ÂºC) or rises above 95ÂºF (35ÂºC); this means that your laptop should not be left in the car or in a storage area that is not climate controlled. Also, for extended storage of six months or more, the laptop battery should be discharged to 50% capacity and removed from the computer; a battery stored for an extended period of time at full capacity may lose the ability to charge fully, while a battery stored in a fully discharged state may never be able to charge again at all.

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June 26, 2008 - LCD Cleaning Tips

Here are some helpful cleaning tips and guidelines:

Unplug or turn off your LCD screen or device and closely examine the condition of the screen.

Take notice of any smudges or areas to be cleaned.

Use a Microfiber Cloth to remove any obvious dust and gently brush off any dirt particulars.

Although you can clean any LCD screen with a 50/50 solution of distilled water/isopropyl alcohol, using an old cotton T-shirt or handkerchief, it is recommended that you acquire the proper cleaning solutions and cloths to clean your LCDs. Many of these LCD screens are very expensive items, proper cleaning kits, should be used to clean and keep your LCD displays in a crisp clear pristine condition.

Never spray any cleaning solutions directly onto the screen, spray it into the your cleaning cloth.

Very, very gently wipe the screen in a circular motion. Do not press hard on the cloth. Let the cleaning solution do its job.

Don't press hard or touch the screen with your fingers or you may leave oily prints and smears.

Don't leave any liquid on the screen, remove all excess moisture as it may damage your screen.

Let the LCD screen dry thoroughly before you switch it back on.

For hard to remove stains or ink marks you may have to repeat this procedure several times. Don't apply hard pressure, remember you can also purchase special cleaners for heavy ink marks and the like.

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June 25, 2008 - How to Choose a Laptop

Even though the prices of laptop are increasingly lower with more and more newer models in the market, the purchase of a laptop is still a fairly major purchase for most people. For first time buyers who may have decided it’s time to upgrade from a desktop PC to a portable PC, i.e. laptop, check out these factors before you make your purchase:

1. Price Range. A new laptop can range between RM1,500 to RM10,000, depending on the specifications and features. A few years ago, it was almost impossible to find one under RM2,000. Nowadays, there are many under that price range with standard features.
Standard laptops or regular laptops are usually the most economical for the most reasonable price. It weighs between 2.7kg to 3.7kg and offer a full range of benefits. Due to their popularity among consumers, manufacturers and retailers usually offer discounts and promotions for standard laptops. If you are unsure of what specific functions or needs that you may have or require from a laptop, going for the standard laptop is the safest investment. With the major credit cards offering flexible repayment method for laptop purchases, ask and take advantage of the zero per cent installment repayment for your laptop purchase.

2. Size. The heaviest laptops are classified as the “extra large” laptop, weighing in between 3.7 to 5kg, with an at least 17 inches screen. The keyboard is much larger than standard laptops for those who found the standard laptop’s keypad too small to their liking. However, these laptops normally costs more and their extra weight make a lot of difference, considering you have to carry it all day. As for lighter laptops, a notebook is basically a regular laptop but is slightly less heavy, weighing in between 1.75kg-2.7kg. While it is heavier than the smaller ultralight which weighs less than 1.8kg, it offers more options and flexibility by allowing the user to plug a CD drive, floppy disk or extra battery at the combo bay, where you may access the features that you need without having the need to make room for those that aren’t needed. The plug and unplug interchangeability of the notebook makes it a good choice among users who need to access a lot of features yet do not want to lug around a heavy laptop.
For those who travel a lot, buying an ultralight is the ideal choice. However, ultralights are so small that there is no room for a network card or internal CD drive. You may have to bring an external CD drive and port replicator should you wish to use these features. An ultralight is also more on the higher price range.

3. Hard Drive. Before you decide on the size of the hard drive in your laptop purchase, ask yourself if your laptop will be your primary computer or will it supplement your existing desktop system. If it will be your primary computer, you should hunt for a bigger hard drive, with a disk space of 60GB or more. If not, a 30GB to 40GB disk space is sufficient. However, it is always better to err on the size of too big, just in case you run out of disk space in the long run.

4. Memory. You need to look at the ways in which you intent to use your laptop in order to determine the right amount of system memory, or RAM needed. If you only need your laptop to perform the usual tasks of emailing, typing on word processing, spreadsheets, etc. then a standard RAM of 256MB should be enough, which is a common configuration on most laptops, hence you probably won’t need to spend more for more RAM. However, for storing digital photographs and videos or other multimedia contents, you should equip your laptop with as much RAM as it can accommodate. You should ask how much of RAM your laptop can hold as you may need to upgrade your RAM in the future.

5. Network Connectivity. Nowadays, it is a must to stay connected to the Internet as the world moves towards the digital era. Ask about the network connectivity provided by your laptop. Ideally, you should be connected to the Internet, the corporate network, a wireless network, a home network and to an online service, which means that buying a laptop that includes built-in features to connect to them all is the best option.

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June 24, 2008 - How to clean Your Laptop?

Have you made the switch from a desktop PC to a laptop? Several people have and although they may be easier to carry around and travel with, they still need to be cleaned, don't they?

Laptops aren't as easy to open up and clean as desktops are, but it still can be done. To get started, just make sure your computer is turned off and unplugged. You should also remove the laptop battery just for some extra safety.

Laptop Case

Now, we're going to start with cleaning the outer case of your laptop so you can keep it looking new and fresh. Use a damp cotton cloth to clean the exterior of the laptop. It is recommended that you just use water, but if there is something on the case that cannot be cleaned with water, it is suitable to use rubbing alcohol. Do not use any household cleaners though.

Case Openings

Debris such as dirt, dust and hair can get into the case openings of the laptop and make it hard for the air it needs to pass through. This can cause the heat of the laptop to increase, which can cause later problems like random reboots. We definitely want to combat all of that, don't we? So, look for any of the openings that help cool air come in through the laptop and let hot air out. These are usually located on the back, the sides or even on the bottom of the laptop. The easiest way to clean these out is to use a cotton swab or compressed air.

If you use compressed air, you want to be careful that you don't spray directly at the fans that may be in the openings. It's easy to cause them to over spin, which can cause permanent damage. Before you use the air, place something in between the fan blades, such as a toothpick.

Laptop Keyboard

The keys on a laptop keyboard are different from a standard keyboard and they usually cannot be removed. So, to clean this, use the same damp cotton cloth you used to clean the exterior of your laptop. Just wipe the cloth over the keys and some of the dust and dirt particles will be removed. You can also use compressed air to get some of the debris out from in and around the keys.

Laptop Touchpad (Mouse)

It's a very good idea to clean your laptop's touchpad every once in awhile. It can help your laptop to look new, as well as, improve the quality of the motion and response of the touchpad. You can use the same damp cloth to clean this one too. Just run the cloth over the touchpad area and make sure you squeeze in around the corners to catch any debris that may be sitting there.

LCD Screen

Lots of things can fog up your laptop screen (like dirt, dust, fingerprints, etc.) and it's such a good idea to clean all of that off so your screen doesn't look like it just went through a whirlwind of yuckiness! An LCD screen is not like a regular desktop monitor, so it requires some special cleaning.

First of all, do not spray any liquids directly onto the screen. Doing this may cause some distortions on your screen. Also, do not use a paper towel to clean off the screen, because that could cause some scratching. Instead, use a soft cotton cloth. Try using a dry one at first and if that doesn't get everything off, you can put a little rubbing alcohol on the cloth and remove any other smudges that remain. Rubbing alcohol is used to clean the LCD screens before they leave the factory and shipped out, so it is safe to use.

Internal Components

This isn't the easiest task to perform, but with all of the debris that can get caught inside, it's important to do. If too much builds up, it can prohibit your laptop from running properly and smoothly.

I know this may have been the part you've been waiting on, but unfortunately, all laptops are very different and it's difficult to know what each one would need for cleaning. The best thing to do if you think your laptop needs special cleaning care is to take it to a repair center. They are professionals and they will be able to tell you exactly what would need to be done. It would be nice if we could do this step on our own, but with all the money you spend on your laptop and with all of the special uses you have for it, it's best to maintain that by letting a professional help you clean the inside components. You wouldn't want to mess anything up internally and permanently.

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June 10, 2008 - How can I prolong the life of my laptop?

You can protect and significantly extend the life of your laptop computer by observing the following precautions:

· Purchase and use a security cable.

A laptop security cable, such as those available from Kensington, can be purchased from most electronics or computer resellers. Some bookstores also carry security cables. Leaving laptops unattended overnight or for any extended period of time is not advisable. Securing your laptop with a security cable will greatly reduce the possibility of theft.

· Do not leave your laptop in your car, an unlocked locker, or a classroom.

Laptops are susceptible to damage from extreme heat or cold and make easy targets for theft. Stolen laptops cannot be recovered unless you insure against theft specifically.

· Do not move your laptop while it is running.

Moving your laptop while it is running can severely damage your hard drive, and you could potentially lose important files. If you are connected to a wireless network, you could also lose your connection when you reach the end of access point coverage. This could be harmful if you are transferring data when it happens.

· Do not place your laptop on uneven or unstable work surfaces.

Seek servicing if the case of your laptop has been damaged. Do not expose you laptop to or use it near liquids, rain, or moisture. Do not use the modem during an electrical storm.

· Do not perform your own laptop repairs (unless you know how).

While it may be very tempting for you to open up your laptop to check out what's inside, it is not a good idea. Most laptops are under warranty for at least a year and some are covered for up to three years or more. However, if the computer shows signs of tampering, there is a chance the warranty will be voided, making any repair costs your responsibility.

· Transport your laptop in a padded carrying case.

A padded carrying case for your laptop not only provides greater protection for your laptop in case of impact, but it also makes carrying your laptop much easier. Most major computer stores and department stores carry a wide variety of padded cases to fit just about any laptop.

· Use recommended methods for cleaning your laptop.

When cleaning your laptop, only use cleaning solutions and cloths prescribed by the manufacturer. Here are some general laptop cleaning guidelines:

o Clean the exterior case of your laptop by wiping it with a soft, damp cloth.

o Use either a dry or damp cloth to clean the screen.

o To avoid damage to the LCD panel, do not press too hard on the screen.

o Avoid using harsh chemical agents to clean your laptop, as these agents can have bad side effects.

o Do not spray any cleaning agent directly onto any part of your laptop.

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May 27, 2008 - laptop battery rebuild

Admit it. Come out of denial. You know your laptop that was supercool 2 years ago now gets 15 minutes of VGP-BPS2A battery life. It sucks and we all share the same problem eventually. Laptop batteries (and many others) will start to lose their total charging capacity after awhile. It's slow so we usually don't notice it until years later. But when it happens, you can't help but go insane. Laptop batteries usually cost a fortune (my 12-inch powerbook VGP-BPS2B battery is like $130). This is why you should take the road less traveled and rebuild your battery.

So what do you have to do? Well it's not too complicated, you just have to basically replace the individual cells inside of the latitude d620 battery casing. Ever have an R/C car and you had to buy those $20 battery packs at Radio Shack for them? Well if you take a close look, it's usually just 6 batteries saran-wrapped together with a proprietary plug. Same goes for these laptop batteries.

Now before we go any further, let me issue a warning. Although most of us think we're invincible, we're not. This is something that could lead to harm if you don't follow everything directly. If you're new to hacking apart electronics and what not, don't proceed. Have a specialist help you. We're not responsible for anything that may happen, mkay? Kay.

Allright so let's get started. Take your fork out of the electrical socket for a moment and check it.
Remove your vgp-bps2 battery from your laptop. Try to get it drained all the way if you can. Look at the label on your battery. Somewhere near the warning where it says 'Don't do this, don't do that'blah blah blah' you should see a model number for the battery pack. Probably something along the lines of 'Lithium Ion Battery Pack No.' Pry off the cover of your vgp-bpl5a battery pack like so.

....which will reveal something like below.

Individual cells.

If you have a powerbook like me, it'll look like this:

So. Now we've got a bunch of cells. Cute. Find the part number for them. As you can see in the pic above the powerbook pavilion dv6000 battery, the number is printed directly on the wrapping. In this case it's CGP345010. Ok great. What's that mean? Google it and see. Ahhh! It's made by Panasonic. Wonderful. Now we have to go get replacements. If there's 6 cells, you'll obviously need 6 new ones. Try this website for ordering them.

Get out your xacto knife, wire cutters, etc. for this. You'll need to carefully remove all the cells. Each battery pack is different so we can't say how it'll work out for you. Just be careful and don't throw away the old ones.

Take out all the l contacts etc. until you have yourself a blank thinkpad t42 battery tray.

Chances are your battery cells will come with wires on there for connecting it to something. No. We don't want these. We need this to lay in the tray! Remove your black and red wires but keep any others left. It's usually to keep them from short-circuiting. Next, take any coating and tops off your old batteries and move them carefully onto the new ones. After you're done, you should have naked old batteries, and new thinkpad x31 battery that look like the old ones.

Next, you need to get contact going. Obviously using l. You can either solder them together properly with a l strip on the front, or just try positioning the l correctly inside the case with the cells. I did the 2nd method and it worked for me after some tinkering around.

Almost there. Put everything back together like it was and make sure you check out your finished product with a multimeter to make sure there's a current. If all is well, throw it all back together and then into your laptop. Charge it up completely without using it and voila. You my friend, are set.

Much thanks to electronics lab, and reader [surfer] for the tips and pics! In my opinion, the PowerBook laptop battery is much easier, but don't let that stop you! Just take care!

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May 16, 2008 - Recycling your Battery

Over 75 million Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) batteries were sold in the US during the year 2000. Market predictions indicate that the demand of NiCd batteries will rise six percent per year until 2003. The demand for other chemistries such as Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) and Lithium Ion (Li‑ion) is increasing at a more rapid pace. Where will the mountains of batteries go when spent? The answer is recycling.

The lead acid battery has led the way in recycling. The automotive industry should be given credit in organizing ways to dispose of old car batteries. In the USA, 98 percent of all lead acid batteries are recycled. Compared to aluminum cans (65 percent), newspaper (59 percent) and glass bottles (37 percent), lead acid batteries are reclaimed very efficiently, due in part to legislation.

Only one in six households in North America recycle small rechargeable batteries. Homeowners have the lowest return ratios, but this should improve once more recycling repositories become available and better environmental awareness is emphasized.

The NiCd battery is one of the more hazardous batteries in terms of disposal. If used in landfills, the cadmium will eventually dissolve itself and the toxic substance will seep into the water supply, causing serious health problems. Our oceans are already beginning to show traces of cadmium (along with aspirin, penicillin and antidepressants) but the source of the contamination is unknown. Under no circumstances can batteries be incinerated as this can cause them to explode.

Although NiMH batteries are considered environmentally friendly, this chemistry is also being recycled. The main derivative is nickel, which is considered semi-toxic. NiMH also contains an electrolyte that, in large amounts, is hazardous to the environment.

If no disposal service is available in an area, individual NiMH batteries can be discarded with other household wastes. If ten or more batteries are accumulated, the user should consider disposing the batteries in a secure waste landfill.

Lithium (metal) batteries contain no toxic metals, however, there is the possibility of fire if metallic lithium is exposed to moisture while the cells are corroding. Most lithium batteries are non-rechargeable and are used by defense organizations. Cameras and other commercial products also use primary lithium batteries. For proper disposal, these batteries must be fully discharged in order to consume all metallic lithium content. Li‑ion batteries (rechargeable), on the other hand, do not contain metallic lithium and the disposal problem does not exist. Most lithium systems contain toxic and flammable electrolyte, however.

In 1994, the Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation (RBRC) was founded to promote the recycling of rechargeable batteries in North America. RBRC is a non-profit organization that collects batteries from consumers and businesses and sends them to Inmetco and Toxco for recycling. Inmetco specializes in recycling NiCd, but also accepts NiMH and lead-based batteries. Toxco, focuses on lithium metal and Li‑ion system. Currently only intended to recycle NiCd batteries, RBRC will expand the program to include also NiMH, Li‑ion and SLA batteries.

Programs to recycle spent batteries have been in place in Europe and Asia for many years. Sony and Sumitomo Metal in Japan have developed a technology to recycle cobalt and other precious metals from Li‑ion batteries. The rest of Asia is progressing at a slower rate. Some movements in recycling spent batteries are starting in Taiwan and China, but no significant infrastructure exists.

Battery recycling plants require batteries to be sorted according to chemistries. Some sorting is done prior to the battery arriving at the recycling plants. NiCd, NiMH, Li‑ion and lead acid are often placed in designated boxes at the collection point. Sorting batteries must be done manually, an operation that adds to the cost of recycling.

If a steady stream of sorted batteries were available at no charge, recycling would be feasible with little cost to the user. The logistics of collection, transportation and labor to sort the batteries make recycling expensive.

The recycling process starts by removing the combustible material, such as plastics and insulation using a gas fired thermal oxidizer. Gases from the thermal oxidizer are sent to the plant’s scrubber where they are neutralized to remove pollutants. The process leaves the clean, naked cells, which contain valuable metal content.

The cells are then chopped into small pieces, which are heated until the metal liquefies. Non-metallic substances are burned off; leaving a black slag on top that is removed with a slag arm. The different alloys settle according to their weights and are skimmed off like cream from raw milk.

Cadmium is relatively light and vaporizes easily at high temperatures. In a process that appears like a pan boiling over, a fan blows the cadmium vapor into a large tube, which is cooled with water mist. This causes the vapors to condense. A 99.95 percent purity level of cadmium can be achieved using this method.

Some recyclers do not separate the metals on site but pour the liquid metals directly into what the industry refers to as ‘pigs’ (65 pounds) or ‘hogs’ (2000 pounds). The pigs and hogs are then shipped to metal recovery plants. Here, the material is used to produce nickel, chromium and iron re-melt alloy for the manufacturing of stainless steel and other high end products.

Current battery recycling methods requires a high amount of energy. It takes six to ten times the amount of energy to reclaim metals from recycled batteries than it would through other means. A new process is being explored, which may be more energy and cost effective. One method is dissolving the batteries with a reagent solution. The spent reagent is recycled without forming any atmospheric, liquid or solid wastes.

Who pays for the recycling of batteries in bulk? Participating countries impose their own rules in making recycling feasible. In North America, some recycling plants bill on weight. The rates vary according to chemistry. Systems that yield high metal retrieval rates are priced lower than those that produce less valuable metals.

The highest recycling fees apply to NiCd and Li‑ion batteries because the demand for cadmium is low and Li‑ion batteries contain little retrievable metal. The recycling cost of alkaline is 33 percent lower than that of NiCd and Li‑ion because the alkaline cell contains iron. The NiMH battery yields the best return. Recycling NiMH produces enough nickel to pay for the process.

Not all countries base the cost of recycling on the battery chemistry; some put it on tonnage alone. The average cost of recycling batteries is $1,000 to $2,000US per ton. Europe hopes to achieve a cost per ton of $300US. Ideally, this would include transportation, however, moving the goods is expected to double the overall cost. For this reason, Europe is setting up several smaller processing locations in strategic geographic locations.

Significant subsidies are sill required from manufacturers, agencies and governments to support the battery recycling programs. These subsidies are in the form of a tax added to each manufactured cell. RBRC is financed by such a scheme.

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May 14, 2008 - Cheap PA3465U-1BRS Battery for Toshiba

Toshiba PA3451U PA3465U battery

Voltage: 10.8V

Capacity: 4400mAh

Type: 6 cells

Net Weight : 460 g

Replace the following part numbers:

PA3451U-1BRS, PA3457U-1BRS, PA3465U-1BRS, PABAS067,

Compatible with the following models:

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pa3383u-1brs, pa3395u-1brs, pa2487u, vgp-bps2a, PA3465U-1BRS, PA3399U-1BRS, PA3399U-2BRS

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